Modern technologys effect on ecology :: essays research papers

?It is a direct result of those researchers? innovations.? ?Present day innovation owes environment a conciliatory sentiment!? This is the thing that a few people say when the read the report about murkiness, deforestation, eradication of widely varied vegetation and an Earth-wide temperature boost. They accuse present day innovation, the materials and thoughts created in the only remaining century to help people in their exercises, for the decay of nature. The natural cycle has been a lot of upset by the advancements mankind have accomplished. In spite of these claims, we should stop and think, does current innovation truly owe nature an expression of remorse? For what reason does it owe environment an expression of remorse? Is it since it removed its allure and diminished consideration and regard to nature?s excellence? Is it since it hurt nature? Has all advanced innovation hurt Mother Nature? I figure present day innovation owes biology a conciliatory sentiment as a few yet not every last bit of it has contrarily influenced the environment. Above all else, let?s inspect the results of current innovation on the earth. Current innovation for sure has hurt the earth. It made pieces of machinery, cranes, firearms, atomic weapons and different risky types of gear that have been utilized by man to free backwoods for the purpose from urbanization. Atomic weapons that have been utilized in wars, for example, the one that was exploded in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 has left an immense effect on nature.

Misgiving Essays - Poetry, Literature, Culture, Robert Frost

Apprehension Essays - Poetry, Literature, Culture, Robert Frost Apprehension Robert Frosts sonnet Misgiving uncovered how one ought to experiencelife. He shows this through by contrasting the blowing of leaves uninhibitedly with thefree-will of a person. This sonnet makes another method of survey life.Frost builds up this through three significant focuses, imagery, symbolism, andmeaning. Ices builds up his first imagery through the blowing of the leavesin the breeze. It appears just as he is contrasting himself with the leaves. Inthe sonnet the leaves are encountering development and moving about freelyand he is contrasting himself needing with experience something very similar. By himwanting to encounter through and through freedom in his life he unmistakably utilizes a leave and astem to show his imagery of his longing. The most wonderful picture in the sonnet is the point at which he looks at himself to theleaves and needing to have the option to move around as they do. In the secondstanza, Frost clarifies how profoundly he needs to fly and now and again h e looks for asheltering divider for solace and safe house. The third refrain finishes the firstpart of the sonnet. The visual symbolism here was the hesitant spin and onlyevoked how he enjoyed experiencing it yet couldnt clarify why notknowing where it would accept him yet just as long as it did. The significance of which Frost depicts himself to b free as the leaves isbecause he wouldn't like to get stale. He needs to experiencewhatever life brings to the table, regardless of whether it is positive or negative. To him theimportant thing is the information and experience picked up from the wholeevent. In the third refrain. At the point when the leaves return to where they werecan be contrasted with a person in the public arena. A great many people are half-asleepmost of the time, however need to stay aware of life encounters. Possibly theydidnt go anyplace however the information and experience that was learnedwas the most significant viewpoint picked up. This sonnet to be sure buil ds up imagery, symbolism and significance. It isuseful for a person to peruse so as to know and knowledgeableof encounters they may have had in their lives and to acknowledge thefree-will each and everybody of us are given.

The Rise And Fall Of The American Economy Coursework

The Rise And Fall Of The American Economy - Coursework Example In the US economy, there is an elevated level of joblessness and the loan costs in the economy are practically down to zero. The swelling is about 2% every year and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is expanding at under 3% every year. It is important to raise the GDP development to about 3% every year while keeping the paces of joblessness and swelling low in the economy. Financial downturn in an economy can be constrained by the detailing of viable money related and monetary strategies. While the Fiscal Policy is controlled by the American Government, the Federal Reserve (the Central Bank of America) has the ability to execute the money related strategies in the economy. These strategies depend on various laws and speculations; Okun’s Law and the Phillips Curve are two such significant hypotheses. The Okun’s law expresses that when real yield becomes quicker than potential yield, joblessness rate in an economy, diminishes and the other way around. The pace of yield (GDP) development relating to the steady pace of joblessness is then considered as the development pace of the economy. In this manner, it is the experimental connection between the yield hole and the joblessness rate. (Place of Representatives, USA, p.44) Phillips Curve shows the negative connection between the joblessness rate and swelling rate in the economy. This infers so as to decrease joblessness, some measure of expansion must be endured or swelling can be diminished at the expense of rising expansion. (Exhaust, 2011, p.453) Wages was not taken as a part of the Phillips bend as within the sight of joblessness, the dealing intensity of work is nearly non-existent and hence, compensation can't be viewed as a key variable. Notwithstanding, Phillips Curve is a short-run marvel and there is no exchange off between swelling rate and joblessness rate over the long haul. (Mankiw, 2009, p.789) These two speculations are key to examine money related and monetary arrangements since they show the connection between yield, swelling and joblessness in an economy. A General Framework: The GDP of a nation is the whole of the estimations of the considerable number of products and ventures created inside the topographical limits of a nation in a specific year. Keynesian financial matters expresses that GDP can be communicated as the aggregate of the Consumption use, the venture use, the administration use in addition to sends out short imports. The condition can be communicated as: GDP = C + I + G + (X †M)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (1) where C: Consumption use of the family units I: Investment use G: Government use X: estimation of fares M: estimation of imports Equation (1) speaks to the genuine side of the economy where the concerned factors are for the most part genuine factors. Monetary Policy: The Government can adjust the degree of yield, utilization, work and total interest in an economy, utilizing the two principle instruments of financial arrangement †tax assessment and government spending. Keynesian financial analysts accept that financial strategy has an increasingly clear and quick effect contrasted with fiscal approach (Genovese, 2010, p.160), as it influences the genuine part of the economy, as opposed to the money related segment. Expansionary Fiscal Policy: Equation (1) can likewise be communicated as far as close to home extra cash of the family unit part as: Thus, GDP = C (y †t.y) + I + G + (X †M) where y: pay of the families t: annual expense rate in the economy (y †t.y): discretionary cashflow of the family units Therefore, GDP = C {y (1-t)} + I + G + (X †M)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (2) When there is a high pace of joblessness in the economy, the Government can lessen the duty level in the economy for example the Government lessens â€Å"t† in the economy. When â€Å"t† is diminished, the buyers are required to pay less measure of their salary as assessment which expands their extra cash. The household’s utilization consumption which is a component of their discretionary cashflow, normally record an ascent. In the condition (2), because of the diminishing in

Consensus Between Violence And Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Accord Between Violence And Argument - Essay Example Eristic discourse covers argumentation, a social discussion where triumph over an adversary is the essential objective. This craft of right contention ensures their personal circumstance indiscernible exchange and during the time spent discourse. The specialty of argumentation is utilized in law, in preliminaries while planning contentions for court introduction and in the testing authenticity of evidence.Right contention contains distinguishing premises where ends are inferred, the foundation of â€Å"burden of proof† to decide the individual who made an underlying case and recognizing objectives of supporters in discourse. Toward the finish of a contention, a legitimate end must be given in light of current circumstances clarifying the equivalent. A decent contention must be worked with two premises and one finishing up comment. Argumentation is acceptable in a circumstance where proof doesn't exist particularly in dealing with logical, epistemic, nature, and good where scie nce can't have any significant bearing. Viciousness is acceptable in taking care of debate like outskirt questions, insurrection, and hostility.In legislative issues, a few sorts of argumentation are ethically off-base, and a few sorts of brutality are ethically right. Argumentation is never an answer in numerous countries since it possibly works when there is harmony in the country, and no other country needs to assault the country being referred to. Argumentation is ethically upstanding just if the countries under clash additionally handle debates through argumentation. In the event that the countries under difference handle the question in various points, at that point viciousness is ethically directly for a country to safeguard itself from interruption.

How Do Executive Functions Affect ADHD Students

How Do Executive Functions Affect ADHD Students ADHD Print How Do Executive Functions Affect ADHD Students? By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Updated on June 07, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Hero Images / Getty Images An individual with ADHD may have impairment in several areas of executive functioning. Impairments in executive functions can have a major impact on the ability to perform such tasks as planning, prioritizing, organizing, paying attention to and remembering details, and controlling emotional reactions. Executive Functions Executive functions are basically the management system of the brain. These mental functions which are thought to involve the frontal lobes of the brain help us organize and manage the many tasks in our daily life. The executive functions’ role is similar to a conductor’s role within an orchestra. The conductor manages, directs, organizes and integrates each member of the orchestra. They cue each musician so they know when to begin to play, and how fast or slow, loud or soft to play and when to stop playing. Without the conductor, the music would not flow as smoothly or sound as beautiful. Thomas E. Brown, Ph.D., a clinical psychologist and leading researcher on executive functions, identifies six clusters of cognitive functions that constitute a way of conceptualizing executive functions.  Look at the six clusters and how they affect students with ADHD. Activation: Organizing, Prioritizing and Getting Started on Tasks A student with deficits in this area of executive functioning has difficulty getting school materials organized, distinguishing between relevant and non-relevant information, anticipating and planning for future events, estimating the time needed to complete tasks, and struggles to simply get started on a task. Focus: Focusing, Maintaining, and Shifting Attention A student who is easily distracted misses important information provided in class. They are distracted not only by things around them in the classroom but also by their own thoughts. They have difficulty shifting attention when necessary and can get stuck on a thought, thinking only about that topic. Effort: Regulating Alertness, Sustaining Effort, Processing Speed A student who has a hard time regulating alertness may become drowsy when they have to sit still and be quiet in order to listen to a lecture or read material that they find boring. It is not that they are over-tired; they simply cannot sustain alertness unless they are actively engaged. In addition, the speed at which a student takes in and understands information can affect school performance. Some students with ADHD process information very slowly, while others may have trouble slowing down enough to process information accurately. Emotion: Managing Frustrations and Regulating Emotions A student with impairments in this area of executive functioning may have a very low tolerance for frustration, such as when they don’t how to do a task in class. They can also be extremely sensitive to criticism. Difficult emotions can quickly become overwhelming and emotional reactions may be very intense. Memory: Using Working Memory and Accessing Recall Working memory is a “temporary storage system” in the brain that holds several facts or thoughts in mind while solving a problem or performing a task. Working memory helps an individual hold information long enough to use it in the short term, focus on a task and remember what to do next. If a student has impairments in working memory, they may have trouble remembering and following teacher directions, memorizing and recalling math facts or spelling words, computing problems in their head or retrieving information from memory when they need it. Action: Monitoring and Self-Regulating Action Individuals with ADHD often have deficits in the ability to regulate their behavior, which can significantly impede social relationships. If a student has difficulty inhibiting behavior they may react impulsively without thought to the context of the situation, or they may overfocus on the reactions of others by becoming too inhibited and withdrawn in interactions. Like an orchestra, each of the executive functions works together in various combinations. When one area is impaired, it affects the others. If a student has deficits in one of these key executive functions, it can obviously interfere with school and  academic performance. The Next Steps Many people find it empowering to understand why they are struggling with their studies. Others feel sad or angry that they struggle with tasks that other people seem to do effortlessly. The good news is there are accommodations available to support you or your child with your individual study needs. Accommodations are designed to support you in the specific areas that you struggle with. A few examples of accommodations include a reduced amount of homework (e.g.,  if the class is asked to do 20 math problems, your child would be asked to 10), extra time taking tests, help with reading assignments, permission to record lectures and help with class notes. Find Help With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs To receive help for your child, a good starting point is to speak to their teacher. The school is required by federal law to provide the additional services they need.   If you are at college or university, visit the office for student disabilities. They will be able to assist you in setting up accommodations.

Odysseus in the Trojan War - Free Essay Example

Odysseus fought in the Trojan War for many years and now his only intention is to get home to his wife and his son. His leadership is continually tested throughout the book. Odysseus is an intelligent and brave man, but in Book IX he fails to show these characteristics by appearing as an amateurish leader. Odysseus unsatisfactory leadership in Book IX is shown in many cases. Sending his men to explore the unknown island of the Lotus Eaters is one of them. When we had eaten and drunk, I sent some of them to find out who the natives were: two picked men with a speaker. (page 107) This led to a fatal mistake by Odysseus because the Lotus Eaters drugged his men with their sweet berries. As soon as they tasted that honey-sweet fruit, they thought no more of coming back to us with news, but chose rather to stay there with the lotus-eating natives, and chew their lotus, and good-bye to home. (page 107) Odysseus shows awful leadership when he decides to stay in the cave when they see the Cyclops. The men begged me first to let them help themselves to the cheese and be off; next they wanted to make haste and drive the kids and lambs out of the pens and get under sail. But I would not listen-indeed it would have been much better if I had. But I wanted to see himself and claim the strangers gift. (page 110) Odysseus men suggested they leave when they see the Cyclops in the field, but Odysseus wanted to play the role of a good guest. They burned an offering in the cave and decided to wait there for the Cyclops. Odysseus curiosity also pushed him to refuse and stay to see the caveman. Odysseus positive leadership is shown when he dragged his men back to the ship and locked them up to get them off the Lotus Eaters island. I brought them back to the ships by main force, grumbling and complaining, and when I had them there, tied them up and stowed them under the benches. (page 107) After understanding his mistake and the causes of it, Odysseus quickly thought of fixing it. Using his physical strength he took all his men back to the ship and this shows a characteristic of a good leader. Odysseus commits a foolish blunder when he taunted the Cyclops after he had stabbed his eye. I say Cyclops! If ever any one asks you who put out your ugly eye, tell him your blinder was Odysseus, the conqueror of Troy, the son of La? «rts, whose address is in Ithaca! The reason this will result catastrophically in the future is becau se the Cyclops appears to be the son of Poseidon, the God of the sea. This leads to Odysseus being cursed by the Cyclops. Hear me, Poseidon Earthholder Seabluehair! If I am trruly thy son and thou art indeed my father, grant that Odysseus, the conqueror of Troy the son of La? «rts whose address is in Ithaca, may never reach his home! (page 118) In conclusion, Odysseus has shown good distinctives throughout the book, but his leadership shown in Book IX is inferior. A lot of Odysseus blunders could have been prevented if he had simply thought of the effects his actions would have had. Each action that we commit has consequences and we need to be aware of them because they could involve other people besides ourselves.

The Theme of Community in the Open Boat Essay - 2412 Words

Stephen Cranes Theme of Community Stephen Crane is well known in the literary world for his many underlying themes. In Stephan Cranes The Open Boat, one of the many themes that can be seen is that of community. He brings to life the importance of the each individuals role in the group setting. Crane uses a dire situation in which mens lives are in the hands of each other to show that without group togetherness no one would make it. He shows the group being given false hopes from outside forces but, how in the end the group must band together for survival and not rely on anything but themselves. The Open Boat is one of Cranes best known works. Throughout the story, paralleling an actually event in his life Crane brings the†¦show more content†¦By using his personal life experience he created a masterpiece. Crane later moved to England, where he passed away in 1900 from tuberculosis at the age of 29. (Encyclopedia) Crane begins the story with four characters, the captain, the correspondent, the cook, and the Oiler, bailing and rowing in their small craft. He shows the self sacrifice of each individual, and how each person must do his part for the community of men to survive. In the beginning of the story a passage states, The oiler, steering with one of the two oars in the boat, sometimes raised himself suddenly to keep clear of water that swirled in over the stern. It was a thin little oar and it seemed often ready to snap. The correspondent, pulling at the other oar.... . 1 This in the most basic sense illustrates each man doing his part for the group. The correspondent and oiler continuously take turns rowing their small craft, never stopping, only resting when spelled by the other. The cook sits in the bottom of their floating hell bailing the seawater. The captain masters the craft and keeps the men together. Without each finger of the proverbial hand there would be no fist. Together, the men fell into this situation, and for their survival, together they must learn to become one. The most powerful section of the story supporting the community theme reads, IT would be difficult to describe the subtle brotherhood of menShow MoreRelatedThe Correspondent as Spokesperson and Mediator in Stephen Cranes The Open Boat828 Words   |  4 PagesCorrespondent: the Spokesperson and the Mediator in Stephen Crane#146;s #147;The Open Boat#148; Stephen Crane#146;s #147;The Open Boat#148; has long been acclaimed as a fascinating exemplar of Naturalism, generating many studies that range from the indifference of Nature to the #147;psychological growth of the men through the experience#148; (466). The psychological growth happens to every man on the boat, yet is mostly depicted through the voice of the Correspondent and in the form ofRead MoreShow Boat Changes Its Wicked Stage1709 Words   |  7 PagesShow Boat Changes Its â€Å"Wicked Stage† On the night of December 27, 1927 the musical Show Boat opens (Laufe 475). The show ends in silence; no applause or a standing ovation. There was not even a curtain call. (Sheed 120) Producer Florenz Ziegfeld thought that the show had failed. (Sheed 120) What he did not know that night was that Show Boat was to go on to be one of the most influential shows in American musical theatre. Show Boat revolutionized American musical theatre by changing the settingRead MoreNaturalism in Stephan Crane and Jack Londons Works1265 Words   |  5 Pagesbrothers, Jimmy and Tommie. The story focuses on the life and struggles of Maggie and her family within the slums. Maggie desperately tries to escape the life within the Bowery, but eventually succumbs to it and passes away a broken woman. A central theme occurring in â€Å"Maggie† is naturalism, and within this specific story, no one escapes their environmental and biological destiny. Stephan Crane highlights the harsh effects of urbanization and industrialization occurring within the story. Maggie’s parentsRead More In Superman and Paula Browns New Snowsuit the main character feels1464 Words   |  6 Pagesauthors show the feelings of betrayal by the way in which they write. c) Differences in the stories. I am going to talk about themes of betrayal, comparing Superman and Paula Browns New Snowsuit and Chemistry. In both of these stories, some characters are betrayed. The narrator in Superman and Paula Browns New Snowsuit is betrayed by her community when they think she is guilty of pushing over Paula Brown and ruining her new coat. She felt especially betrayed by her Uncle FrankRead MoreWho Am I As A Reader?1446 Words   |  6 Pagesaddressed and of the techniques used in their presentation, which meant an interesting experience for me and I consider myself literary enriched. What impressed me most of all works studied, was the theme of irony, flipped in works like Desiree’s Baby, and The Story of An Hour, by Kate Chopin and The Open Boat, by Stephen Crane. As a reader, you can imagine the end of the story in a certain way, naturally, assumed by anyone, but at the end, you are surprised by a tragic, unfortunate finish. Also, I mustRead MoreThe Open Boat by Stephen Crane Essay1882 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"The Open Boat† is short tale of endurance, suffering, and redemption. The story focuses on four interesting sailors on a journey towards survival. They try their best to overcome the adversities of the water and raging storm. Crane focuses on the constant struggle of man’s immobility to control his own life. â€Å"The Open Boat† is a nonfictional fiction some call it. It typically is argued as only fiction, but many lean toward its nonfictional quality. Crane wrote the story based off his real lifeRead MoreAnalysis Of Flowers For Algernon By Daniel Keyes And Miss Peregrine s Home For Peculiar Children By Ransom Riggs1351 Words   |  6 PagesRevision Essay Thematic Essay: Question: The texts we read and view can open our eyes to the world around us. The human mind is one of the most extensive networks known to mankind and can be easily influenced through the use of written texts. Texts often feature themes and issues about the world around us, helping open our eyes to issues that could affect us, as a society. In Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes and Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children by Ransom Riggs, both main characters;Read More Stephen Cranes A Mystery of Heroism Essay1325 Words   |  6 Pagesin most of his stories. Crane follows a strict pattern in most of his work. His subject matter usually deals with the physical, emotional, and intellectual responses of ordinary people confronted by extraordinary, extreme experiences. Fairly common themes are presented in his writing, including fallen humanity and harsh realities; yet all seem to overlap in the category of heroism. Crane, fascinated by the status of a hero, seemed to moralize each story he wrote with a sense of hope. Readers get theRead MoreAnalysis of Jeanne Wakatsuki Huston ´s Farewell to Manzanar Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pages The internment of Japanese Americans is often a part of history rarely mention in our society. One of these internment camps was Manzanar—a hastily built community in the high desert mountains of California. The sole purpose of Manzanar was to house thousands of Japanese Americans who were held captive by their own country. Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston was interned at Manzanar when she was seven years old with her family. Their only crime was being of Japanese descent. In her memoir, â€Å"FarewellRead MoreFarewell To Manzanar Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesThe internment of Japanese Americans is often a part of history rarely mention in our society. One of these internment camps was Manzanar—a hastily built community in the high desert mountains of California. The sole purpose of Manzanar was to house thousands of Japanese Americans who were held captive by their own country. Jea nne Wakatsuki Houston was interned at Manzanar when she was seven years old with her family. Their only crime was being of Japanese descent. In her memoir, â€Å"Farewell to Manzanar

Big Data Management From Relational Database Management

With 3.2 billion internet users [1] and 6.4 billion internet-connected devices in 2016 alone [2], unprecedented amount of data is being generated and processed daily and increasingly every year. With the advent of web 2.0, the growth and creation of new and more complex types of data has created a natural demand for analysis of new data sources in order to gain knowledge. This new data volume and complexity is being called Big Data, famously characterised by Volume, Variety and Velocity and has created data management and processing challenges due to technological limitations, efficiency or cost to store and process in a timely fashion. The large volume and complexity of data cannot be handled and/or processed by most current information systems in a timely manner, while traditional data mining and analytics methods developed for a centralized data system may not be practical for Big Data. Tracking the concept of Big Data management from Relational Databases Management Systems to the current NoSQL database, this paper surveys the Big Data challenges from the perspective of its characteristics Volume, Variety and Velocity, and attempts to study how each of these challenges are addressed by various NoSQL systems. NoSQL is not a single system that can solve every single Big Data problem; it is an eco-system of technologies where different type of NoSQL databases are optimized to address various types of big data challenges by providing schema-less modeling and automaticShow MoreRelatedDefining Nosql Database And Its Classification Essay1160 Words   |  5 Pagesled database analysts and administrators to find more convenient ways to store the big amount of data. Big data is known as expression in the tech-world. It is defined as a huge collection of data that cannot be managed by relational databases (Moniruzzaman and Hossain 1). So, developers start to use non-relatio nal databases (NoSQL) to arrange and store the Big data. In order to understand how developers solve the storing issue of the big amount of data and provide systems that can sync data betweenRead MoreKey Features Of The Database Management System1035 Words   |  5 Pagesof the database management system MongoDB. Day-to-day information is growing in gigantic amount. Generated information include predominant information and it will have to be analyzed for gathering essential expertise. On the whole, relational databases are used so as to system the data. These, ways works successfully for small amount of knowledge. What if the data is very tremendous? To avoid this problems Mongo databases are introduced. MongoDB is a cross-platform document-oriented database. ClassifiedRead MorePerformance Of Data Processing Together On Relational Databases And Hadoop Frameworks1473 Words   |  6 Pagesperformance of data processing individually on relational databases and Hadoop framework by tak ing a collection of sample datasets. After evaluating the performance of each system, we will be working on a new method of data processing by combinedly using both the computational powers of RDBMS and Hadoop frameworks. We will be using same experimental setup and configurations for analyzing data. The relational databases require a well-defined schema of the data being stored in the database. Relational databasesRead MoreA Video Rental Store977 Words   |  4 Pagesconsists of over twenty thousand DVD and VHS videos covering fifteen different genres. Their customer base is over one thousand and the store grosses over thirty thousand dollars monthly. The business currently runs on a pen and paper inventory management systems. Customer video checkouts and check-ins are logged in a notebook ledger. The customer is given a membership ID cards when they register. The ID cards contains a sequential ID number and the customers basic information such as name, addressRead MoreRelational Database Management Systems ( Rdbms )1104 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Nowadays, data is being generated by multiple sources around us at an alarming rate, be it sensors, in the form of social media communications or mobile devices. It has become an important part of an organization, Such data is called big data and the insights from big data can help examine trends, understand customer preferences and help the organizations take better decisions which results in better customer service and effective marketing. Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS)Read MoreDocument Based Data Modeling Technique And Relational Technique1230 Words   |  5 PagesBarot Database System Midterm Exam Document based data modeling technique and relational technique In todays era, the volume of data we manage has developed to terabytes. As the volume of data continues developing, the sorts of data produced by applications get to be wealthier than some time recently. Subsequently, traditional relational databases are tested to catch, visualize, seek, share, break down, and store data. We find many difficulties in managing big dataRead MoreSecurity Of Nosql Database Against Intruders Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesSecurity of NoSQL Database against Intruders Abstract The evolution of distributed web based applications and cloud computing have generated the demand to store voluminous of big data in distributed databases efficiently to offer excessive availability and scalability to users. The new type of database resolves many new challenges especially in large-scale and high concurrency applications which are not present in relational database. These new sorts of databases are not relational by using explanationsRead MoreThe Evolution of The Database Essay example847 Words   |  4 Pagesrevolutionized information storage and retrieval. Thus the first databases where born. Flat File Flat file databases where the first of many database models, almost as old as the computer. Flat file databases stored data in text files saved in the file system. There was little to no organization, it was a step backwards in data organization. The only real befit was that data could be retrieved remarkable speed, when the database was used by a very skilled programmer. This created a new problemRead MoreTechnology Changes Role of Database Administrator1195 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology Changes Role of Database Administrator The database administrator (DBA) is responsible for managing and coordinating all database activities. The DBAs job description includes database design, user coordination, backup, recovery, overall performance, and database security. The database administrator plays a crucial role in managing data for the employer. In the past the DBA job has required sharp technical skills along with management ability. (Shelly, Cashman, Waggoner 1992)Read MoreRelational And Non Relational Database Model Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesclearly explain the concept of relational and non-relational databases. Although those literature hightligted varieties of significant theories, this review will attempt to establish a clear meaning of relational and non-relational database Concept, NoSQL data model, ACID and Base properties, CAP Theorem and Scalability. Furthermore, it will attempt to critically evaluate structured and unstructured data, elucidate on the strength and weakness of relational and NoSQL databases and give an overview of the

Business and Management - 2600 Words

|[pic] |Syllabus | | |College of Humanities | | |ENG/125 Version 3 | | |Literature in Society | Copyright  © 2010, 2008, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course introduces themes in†¦show more content†¦83-87) | | | | |â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† William Faulkner (pp. 236-251) | | | | |Boys and Girls, Alice Munro (pp. 772-781) | | | | |â€Å"Araby,† James Joyce (pp. 879-883) | | | | |Everyday Use, Alice Walker (pp. 1087-1093) | | | | |â€Å"The Hanging of the Mouse,† Elizabeth Bishop (pp. 1308-1310) | | | | |â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas,† Ursula K. Le Guin (pp. 1311-1315) | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion.Show MoreRelatedBusiness Process Management2447 Words   |  10 Pagesbeen compiled by MAK Consultants to tackle the key areas of concern found within Dynatrix Pty Ltd and proposes potential solutions to the organisation. The key areas of review for this assessment include: †¢ Strategic and Tactical Planning †¢ Business Process flow and procedures This document summarizes the methodologies employed to complete the review and presents our findings and recommendations. Throughout this document we utilize terms such as will, should consider, and shall, for exampleRead MoreBusiness Process Management (Bpm)2639 Words   |  11 PagesQCHP Lecture: Business Process Management (BPM) Business Process Management (BPM) is a management approach focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of clients. It is a holistic management approach that promotes business effectiveness and efficiency while striving for innovation, flexibility, and integration with technology. Business process management attempts to improve processes continuously. It could therefore be described as a process optimization processRead MoreBusiness Process Management Strategy2635 Words   |  11 Pagesdeclining sales and reduced profits since 2008. Methodology Research for this report is based on current literature about business process management and relevant companies, transcript of the management meeting, financial statements, and other miscellaneous information supplied by Omnicrons’ CEO. Findings The major findings indicate the lack of a streamlined computer-based business system, coordination amongst departments’ managers and employees, IT facilities and equipment. These cause a range ofRead MoreBusiness Performance Management Assessment Tools1160 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness performance management is a set of management and analytic processes that enable the management of an organisation s performance to achieve one or more pre-selected goals. Synonyms for business performance management include corporate performance management and enterprise performance management.[1][2] Business performance management is contained within approaches to business process management.[3] Business performance management has three main activities: 1. selection of goalsRead MoreBusiness Process Management : Marketing Process1521 Words   |  7 PagesBUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT –APPROACH CHALLANGES INTRODUCTION Business process improvement initiatives prove to be some of the toughest projects for project managers. This is for a number of reasons, including: †¢ Most such projects affect the entire business, and it takes a significant amount of time to understand those affects †¢ There are many â€Å"moving parts† and trying to get the right resources secured for the project at the right time is frequently difficult to accomplish †¢ Some project managersRead MoreErp Implementations : A Business Process Management2740 Words   |  11 PagesERP Implementations Introduction: Enterprise resource planning is a business process management tool to help business manage and automate many back office functions related to technology, services, accounting, supply chain, inventory, projects and human resources [1]. It is a system which integrates product planning, development, manufacturing, sales and marketing [1]. 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An effective and useful business process must be created by using different types of IT(information technology) to cope with challenge in the market for a business .The first part of this article illustra te the definition of the business process to explain how IT can enhance

Prescription Drug Abuse Is A Serious Problem - 1547 Words

Bailey Glanville Mrs. Landgrebe Advanced Composition/4 21 December 2014 Research Paper Prescription drug abuse is a serious problem in today’s society. Prescription drug abuse is taking medicine prescribed for someone else, for another purpose, a larger dose than prescribed, in a different way than one is specifically prescribed. (â€Å"Prescription Medline† par. 1). This includes using a prescription to get high by crushing, snorting, or injecting them (â€Å"Prescription Medline† par. 4 and 5). By using these methods to put them into the body, it gives a stronger high than by just consuming it (â€Å"Signs of Painkiller Abuse Addiction† par. 2). Even though prescription drug misuse and abuse can be found among all age groups, it is most common in†¦show more content†¦1), which is approximately 20% of the entire US population (â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse† par. 1). Prescription drug abuse may be most persistent in the US but is also a problem in many areas around the world â€Å"including Europe, Southern Africa, and South Asia† (â€Å"Prescription Facts† par. 2) In 2010, around â€Å"16 million Americans reported using a prescription drug for nonmedical reasons in the past year† (â€Å"Featured† par. 3). Addiction is a â€Å"chronic, often relapsing brain disease causing compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences to the person and people around them† (â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse† par. 3). Abusing these drugs causes changes in the structure and function of the brain (â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse† par. 3). Reactions vary between people when taking drugs because no person’s body chemistry is the same (â€Å"Prescription Facts† par. 4). Signs, causes, and risk factors for drug abuse should be something everyone looks for. â€Å"Signs of prescription drug abuse include: stealing, forging, or selling drugs, excessive mood swings, poor decision making, and continually â€Å"losing† prescriptions to get more† (â€Å"Prescription† page 2). â€Å"Causes of prescription drug abuse are: to feel good or get high, relax or relieve tension, reduce appetite or increase alertness, maintain addiction/prevent withdraw, acceptance from peers/be social, or improve academic performance† and is

Analysis of Mattel’s Supply Chain Management - 6531 Words

MATTEL Ruth Handler Innovating Mattel and Barbie amp; Sustaining Innovation Leadership in Mattel’s Toy World Management of Supply Chain Operations Table of Contents Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Critical Strategic Milestone †¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Mattel Timeline †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Organization Wide Supply Chain Issues †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...... 5 Safety †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Security †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 7 Profitability and Investment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 7 Protecting Intellectual Property †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Management and Leadership of Mattel †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Ruth Handler†¦show more content†¦and Japan * 1961 – Greiner amp; Hausser and partner Louis Marx sued Mattel for infringing on the hip joint patent and Mattel counter-sued Marx’s Miss Seventeen doll for causing consumer confusion with a similar doll * Ken Doll introduced * 1964 – Mattel bought Gamp;H’s copyrights for the Lilli doll and the related U.S. and German patent rights * Hasbro introduces rival doll G.I. Joe * 1970 – Convicted of white-collar crimes, fixing the accounting books and cashing in on insider information * 1972 - Restructure to create Mattel, Inc. * 1975 - Founders leave the company * 1982 - Introduced He-Man * 1986 - Joint venture with Bandai, Japan’s largest toy company * 1987 – Ha ndler given a Doll of the Year Award * 1988 - Revives association with Walt Disney Company * 1991- Acquires Aviva Sports, Inc. * 1992 - Acquires International Games, Inc. * 1993 - Fisher-Price joints Mattel * 1994 – Barbie celebrated her 35th anniversary * 1997 – Mattel files lawsuit against MCA Records for defamation in the song Barbie Girl * Acquired Tyco and suffered losses * 1998 – Acquired the Pleasant CompanyShow MoreRelatedMattels China Experience1261 Words   |  6 PagesMattel’s China Experience: A Crisis in Toyland In 2007, Mattel a California based toy company shockingly recalled 19 million toys that had been manufactured in China. 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CURRENT EVENTS Essay Example For Students

CURRENT EVENTS: Essay Hiv HIVS ROOTS TRACED TO 1930SummaryScientists have concluded, based on mathematical research, that the virus that lead to the epidemic of AIDS can be traced all the way back to 1930, somewhere around Central Africa. Bette Korber, of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, presented this conclusion at the Conference of Retroviruses. The notion that HIV was introduced in contaminated oral polio vaccines in Africa between the years of 1957 and 1961 has been often debated and challenged. The results presented by Korber, not only refute the before mentioned allegations, but also move us toward finding out where the virus really came from and in which direction it is heading in the future. The first sample discovered in 1959 comes from a man in Congo, who died as a member of the M class of HIV, the type that most people are infected with today. However old the virus was, it was evident that it wasnt the first of its kind. The reason that the virus was ever connected to polio is because in the same year of 1959, the introduction of oral polio vaccines, supposedly tested on chimpanzees, came to the continent of Africa. However in reality, states Stanley Plotkin of the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, the introduction of HIV in chimpanzees occurred well before the polio vaccine.

Untitled Essay Research Paper By Renee Frailey free essay sample

Untitled Essay, Research Paper By: Renee Frailey Charles Dickens promotes gallantry and evil Acts of the Apostless in A Narrative of Two Cities like the revolutionaries promoted retribution in France. Devils wrote of many actions to take, but the chief performences displayed are easy recognized in the novel. In this narrative, good and evil semen face to face many times, and they counter-attack each other in really simple ways. The first act of gallantry to be discussed is the fact that Charles Darnay, an expatriate from France, chose to return to Paris to alleviate a friend from gaol. Darnay thought this action over, and reluctantly decided to confront his frights of the people in France. He did non hold to reply his friend # 8217 ; s supplication, but he did because Dickens chose this character to be one of the perfect characters that is disused in society today. Darnay is unusual because he knew he would become in danger by traveling to Paris, but as Dickens said in the 2nd book, # 8220 ; He sat up late, and wrote two ardent letters ; one was to Lucie, explicating the strong duty he was under to travel to Paris, and demoing her, at length, the grounds that he had, for experiencing confident that he could go involved in no personal danger at that place, # 8221 ; ( p. We will write a custom essay sample on Untitled Essay Research Paper By Renee Frailey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 241 ) he went anyhow # 8211 ; clearly non for himself. Another act that Dickens showed in this novel was the occurence of Miss Pross and Madame Defarge coming face to face. This is the most apparent scene of good and evil colliding. # 8220 ; # 8216 ; I know that your purposes are evil, # 8217 ; said Miss Pross, # 8216 ; and you may depend upon it, I # 8217 ; ll keep my ain against them. # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( P. 358 ) This statement clearly showed that Miss Pross # 8217 ; s purposes were good, and they were merely to salvage Lucie # 8217 ; s life. Although Madame Defarge died by the battle, this incident was strictly out of love and devotedness to person beloved to Miss Pross. The most epic act in the novel made its show near the last of the book. The event of Sydney Carton replacing Charles Darnay with himself to be beheaded was by far the stupidest thing a individual could hold done, but it was besides the most audacious Acts of the Apostless of any character in A Tale of Two Cities. # 8220 ; # 8216 ; Of all the people upon Earth, you least expected to see me? # 8217 ; # 8221 ; was Carton # 8217 ; s declaration to Darnay when he foremost showed his face to him in the prison cell. Of class because Darnay did non believe he was sympathetic by Carton, he was obviously surprised to see that Carton would come to his deliverance. Sydney did non hold to make what he did to salvage Darnay # 8217 ; s life, but he did merely because he loved a adult female Darnay had in his appreciation. He knew she would neer be with him, so he gave her the life of Darnay to do her happy. Anyone that would give his ain life for the love of person unachievable is a hero in any book. The first evil action to be discussed is the incident when the Marquis St. Evr # 233 ; monde # 8217 ; s passenger car rolled over and killed a little kid. The Marquis seemed to hold no compassion at all. # 8220 ; Monsieur the Marquis ran his eyes over them all, as if they had been mere rats come out of their holes. # 8221 ; ( p.116 ) To many this action would hold been considered evil because a normal individual would hold at least cried some cryings of commiseration toward the decease of the kid. The following evilness to convey up is Darnay # 8217 ; s gaining control in France. The citizens that arrested Charles Darnay did non cognize him at all. They knew of his ascendants # 8217 ; pasts merely. They chose to take retaliation upon him because of the actions of his ascendants. Darnay was merely arrested because he was an blue blood and an emigre. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; ostracizing all emigres, and reprobating all to decease who return # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( p. 248 ) Most likely the most immorality of the evil conveyed in A Tale of Two Cities was the patient retaliation brewing inside of Madame Defarge. One is reminded of an evil enchantress by the actions and words that Madame Defarge displayed. # 8220 ; # 8216 ; Vengeance and requital necessitate a long clip ; it is a rule. # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( p. 179 ) This statement made by Madame Defarge clearly shows that her purposes all along were evil, and her character was made to be one like a serpent: patient, waiting to strike. She caused hurting throughout so many of her victums # 8217 ; lives by selfishly seeking retaliation upon the blue bloods that caused the decease of her household. Heroism and evilness collide forces to see that the reader will ever be ready for a alteration in this novel # 8217 ; s secret plan. One neer knows what will go on because of its distorted atmosphere and unrealistic hurting a character can bring down. If A Tale of Two Cities had been more realistic, the reader could hold known what the terminal would hold been.

A Censorship Essay Sample

A Censorship Essay SampleA censorship essay sample is a selection of words or sentences, that has been edited to remove references to sex, race, religion, or anti-government sentiments. It is usually taken from a historical document, a diary, a newspaper, or other forms of published material. In order to prevent certain words from being used, editors may have to edit the essay. Many people are often unaware that their essays to be submitted for publication are going to be censored.The First Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees freedom of speech and freedom of the press. Many historians believe that the first editor of a piece of writing, regardless of the form, that the author wrote was going to have to review it. This article will discuss censorship and the editing process.A censorship essay sample is an edited version of an essay that has been considered censored by an editor. The essay sample contains the actual words that were censored, the substituted words, an d the reason for the substitution. Most essays have been reviewed by editors before being published. This article discusses censoring.The most common censorship of a written piece of writing is to change certain words or phrases in order to keep others from being used. For example, the word 'peasant' may be replaced with 'protector'domestic servant.' A poem about the American colonies or any written work about the English constitution may be censored to omit a reference to the Bill of Rights. Thus, 'All men are created equal' may become 'The right to life is the first freedom in America.' A censor would have to delete some passages from a censored document or poem.Editors often review books or poetry before publishing them. They may also choose to edit an essay before publication. Censorship can also be imposed upon literary pieces of writing. For example, a poem may have avery long metaphor. If the censor finds the metaphor in its original form, but changes a few words, the poem mi ght be censored.Censoring is not an easy process. It is often a long and tedious task, especially if there are many sources for an essay. A censor may review an essay in hundreds of different versions. Editing an essay requires editing by different editors.It is important to remember that when an essay is censored, it is not actually censored. It can be edited and then published. For example, the American historian Will Durant stated in his book of essays entitled The Story of Civilization, that he was never censored by the British while making this book. It is possible for anyone to write a censored work and publish it. A censorship essay sample may be considered censorship.

The Monopoly game and its Innovation Essay Example

The Monopoly game and its Innovation Paper The monopoly game was invented as the Landlord game by Charles Darrow. It has many variations in the rules, elements, etc. Monopoly can teach you to sell the realty and to use money wisely. (Walsh 2004, p. 48) Recently, most manufacturers of the monopoly game have invented many its versions in which the property names as well as other game elements have been removed and other ones have been used in the same game. This method is considered to be an effective innovation strategy which could be used again and again. The monopoly game of the Hasbro Corporation is ‘the most popular board game in the modern world’, the Corporation owners claim. – ‘More than 500 million people have played this game since its invention’. ’ (Walsh 2004, p. 48) Moreover, the Hasbro Corporation has the experience of implementing different platforms in a game that also contributes to an effective innovation strategy. Innovation helps to refresh the game of monopoly. All game improvements and modifications are good. However, there are those ones which are much better than others. The Hasbro Corporation and other companies producing the monopoly game should keep in mind a simple rule: improve or lose in the modern competitive world. To my mind, it is necessary to make some changes in the property improvements. The world is changing dramatically and the monopoly game has to develop in order to fit the current realities too. 3. Conclusion. The coursework briefly analyzes the monopoly game and its innovation. The paper proves the effectiveness and necessity of innovation in refreshing the game of monopoly. We will write a custom essay sample on The Monopoly game and its Innovation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Monopoly game and its Innovation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Monopoly game and its Innovation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer References Walsh, T. (2004) ‘The Playmakers: Amazing Origins of Timeless Toys’. Keys Publishing, Page 48.

Marketing and Guinness Essays

Marketing and Guinness Essays Marketing and Guinness Essay Marketing and Guinness Essay Marketing Strategy for Guinness Introduction Guinness is a renowned stout (beer) company in Ireland, and throughout the world. It is particularly famous for its unique taste and its quality. The beer is an icon for Ireland, with is epic advertisements and classic colour of black and white. Arthur Guinness established the stout in 1759, at St. James’ Gate in Dublin. The company has survived years of competition through its creative advertising and high quality product. Mission Statement The Guinness brand is part of the large Diageo group, its mission statement quotes that they wish ‘To become one of the world’s most trusted and respected companies’. We feel that this is been achieved with the Guinness brand as it is much respected worldwide. They are always striving to grow, and be known for their outstanding stout. Guinness has succeeded in growing into the world’s number one stout brewer. In 2000 its overseas sales overtook Irish and British sales, for the first time and these numbers have continued to grow ever since. Situational Analysis Company Analysis Goals Diageo as a company are constantly striving to reach new goals, to improve the Guinness brand and quality of the product. In recent times the global economic environment has taken a downturn, which has meant that the company has had to do their best to stay competitive and hold their place in the global market. In recent years the sales of the iconic Irish drink have been falling on a domestic level so Diageo decided that it would have to look further a field to developing markets for new sales. Diageo got in touch with the famous advertisers Saatchi Saatchi and started about entering the African market and creating what the advertising company call a â€Å"love mark†, described as a brand that enjoys loyalty beyond reason from consumers. One of the company’s aims is to gain a foothold in this market to increase sales, and profits, and develop their worldwide recognition of the brand. Focus Diageos main focus for Guinness has and will be to maintain a product of up most quality, with a loyal customer following. They focus on advertising to promote the stout. Culture Even though the stout is synonymous with Ireland, the drink is accepted worldwide. Guinness sells the stout to 150 countries across the world, with its top markets in Ireland, Great Britain, United States, Nigeria and Cameroon. Guinness is famous for its Irish provenance and epic colour; it is the most famous black stout and is brewed in over 50 countries. Guinness sell a numerous range of stouts, with Guinness Draught and Guinness Foreign Extra Stout been the most popular worldwide. Guinness takes into account the culture of different countries, and understands that different tastes appeal to different regions of the world. Guinness Draught is predominantly sold in Europe, Japan, Australia and North America. This Guinness is available as Guinness Original, Extra cold, Extra smooth, and their most recent – Guinness Red. Guinness Foreign Extra stout is most popular in Caribbean, Africa and Asia, due to its slightly stronger taste. Guinness are ingenious with their advertising strategies, this is evident through the celebration of Arthur Guinness day, it was the 250th global celebration last year, however due to the massive success of the day, it is now a yearly occasion. The day was celebrated in over 150 countries throughout the world. S. W. O. T. Analysis Strengths Guinness is a worldwide renowned brand, under the Diageo PLC. Guinness’ strengths lie in the uniqueness of the brand and its cleverly created advertising campaigns, such as the â€Å"good things come to those who wait† campaign or â€Å"its alive inside†. Diageo understand their markets and the wants of the their target consumers. One of Guinness’ key strengths lies their near monopoly in the stout market, they are the only brand to sell a stout globally. Guinness is a remarkably strong brand that is recognized globally. This means that consumer recognition of the product is instant, when a consumer sees the epic white and black, they automatically think of Guinness. The â€Å"Harp of Brian Boru† is synonymous with Ireland and Guinness itself. Weaknesses One of the main weaknesses for Guinness is the fact that stout has such a unique taste which younger consumers find too strong, this means that they are unable to reach a vast number of consumers. Another problem which Guinness face is the â€Å"old man† image. If Guinness wants to reach a younger spectrum of the market they must shift this portrayal of the drink. The majority of Guinness consumers fall under the plus 35 age bracket, with the most loyal drinkers been 40 plus. Opportunities There are numerous opportunities, which Guinness can act upon, from expanding the global brand to reaching new markets. Guinness have altered the stout for different markets around the globe, to suit the respective markets needs, however, we feel that there is huge scope to try target consumers under 35. By doing so they would have a broader range of consumers in the market. Guinness would need to make a slightly lighter tasting stout to appeal to the younger drinkers, whose taste buds are less developed. The option to ad a new product â€Å"Guinness Light†, to reach this younger end of the market would boost sales in an economically difficult time. Guinness light would not only have a lighter taste but also would have fewer calories, to appeal to the health conscious generation of today. Threats The main threats that the Guinness brand has to face today are economic. During the global recession the brand must strive to be stronger and uphold its quality. Consumers are spending less on goods, which they want, as apposed to what they need. People are less likely to go out to pubs with friends, to save money most consumers would choose to stay at home, however this is where Guinness sold in cans is a success. There is also the threat of competitors, seen as Guinness has endured years of success with the unique stout, other companies may see this as an opportunity to try gain some of this success. Consumer Analysis Statistics show that 80% of Guinness drinkers fall within the 30-60 age group. Guinness has always performed well among the older market segment. Generally stout drinkers have more mature taste buds and are accustomed to the strong taste of the beverage. Guinness is the quintessential Irish beer, and an acquired taste. The consumer value of the beverage is to enjoy it after a day of work, in the pub, with friends, or at least this is the typical consumer profile of a Guinness drinker. Competitor Analysis Currently Guinness is the key brand in the stout market, which means that competitors find it hard to position their brand. In Ireland Murphy’s would be Guinness’ biggest competitor, they are a less popular stout as it does not have the same quality taste as Guinness, however the drink is cheaper than Guinness which may be an advantage to them during the recession. A pint of Murphy’s costs between â‚ ¬4 and â‚ ¬5, where as a pint of Guinness ranges from â‚ ¬4 to â‚ ¬6. Murphy’s is a cheap stout, it appeals to the younger sector of the market as they are budget conscious, and they would not be looking for quality. It is not as well known or recognized as Guinness as its brand isn’t as well established. Besides stouts, companies selling beer would be huge competitors to Guinness, especially world-renowned brands such as Heineken. As they sell their drink roughly around the same price as Guinness, and target similar if not the same market, not only this but Heineken are also famous for there unique and epic advertisements. Cider represents a growing threat in the alcoholic market, it is a lighter drink compared to a stout. The younger end of the market prefers cider; these consumers’ tastes are less acquired compared to the older end. Bulmers has grown its share in the market over the last 10 years, from 2. % to 10% ( bulmers. ie/marketing-case-study/default. asp). It is one of the most popular ciders in the Irish market. In today’s highly competitive market Guinness must strive to increase brand awareness, loyalty to the brand and reach a younger market if it wants to stay as widely recognized, popular and an iconic brand and stout in the Irish market and around the wo rld. Guinness’ competitive advantage over the other stouts, ciders and beers in the market is its unique taste, the fact that it is synonymous with Ireland. Climate Macro-Environmental Analysis Economic Environment Currently we are experiencing a global economic downturn, which makes it difficult for companies to survive. Guinness has a strong and well-established brand which will stand to them during these tough times. Consumers are less willing to spend money in restaurants and pubs, they are more likely to stay in or have friends over. Guinness needs to re-strategise in order to stay competitive, and keep their large foothold in the stout market. A larger emphasis on the stout been sold in cans may be needed in order to keep their sales up. Social and Cultural Environment Guinness as a brand tries to advertise to people of all different cultures, by doing this they can target a large consumer base, as it is a product that is consumed in the three groupings of global economic expansion. Seeing as two of the top five consumers of Guinness in the world are part of the peripheral zone, they have achieved in infiltrating these zones. Their aim is to reach out and capture a person’s attention and imagination with their advertising. By using advertising which identifies with particular cultures in which they are trying to infiltrate, they capture a wider consumer base. Guinness is a universal brand which is enjoyed by some 1. 8 billion consumers yearly. To achieve such staggering numbers, it is a reflection of how successful the brand is. By using different types of promotions and techniques to advertise, Guinness reach out to many types of people and different cultures throughout the world. For example in New Zealand and Australia Guinness hold competitions called Pint Master, in which you rate your pint and your bartender as to how well the pint was poured you then scratch a card and then reveal in you have won a Nintendo Wii. This type of promotion is popular as it encourages people to buy a pint of Guinness as they could possibly win a prize. It also generates word of mouth and gets people interested in the stout, reinforcing the idea of Guinness. In the United States, Guinness has created an App for I-phones and I-pads. This app shows consumers which pubs throughout America sell Guinness, it can find over 20,000 in the U. S. alone. Throughout Guinness’ different advertising campaigns they attempt to incorporate cultural values without isolating other cultures. Sport is both a social activity and part of culture, Guinness associate themselves with sports that are popular to respective countries around the world. In America they targeted the super bowel audience with the ingenious American football advertisement, they have also used this method of advertising for Hurling in Ireland and America targeting both Irish and the Irish Diaspora in America. In Africa Guinness sponsors several leagues and promote the stout through memorable advertisements, which romanticize the sport. Guinness is a multinational company, which positively uses globalisation to connect with cultures without imposing upon them. This has made Guinness a reputable company with a good ethical reputation. Collaborations Guinness is one of the biggest sponsors in Ireland. The company sponsors a wide range of events. The Guinness Cork Jazz Festival is famous all over the world. Guinness also sponsors the Rugby World Cup, Irish Rugby and the Galway Races. Guinness was the creator of the original music festival; a two-day music festival called Witness which features the biggest music acts in the world. It subsequently has changed sponsorship to Heineken. Sponsoring huge events like these is all part of the intricate advertising strategy; consumers will also associate the beverage with enjoying good times with friends. Guinness began sponsoring the All Ireland Hurling championship in 1995. It was the first ever sponsor of the event and the first five years of the sponsorship alone brought hurling to the attention of new audiences and greatly enhanced the image of the sport. Guinness is also the official beer of the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU), and sponsor of the Guinness series in rugby. The Guinness book of World Records is a book published annually, containing a collection of world records, both human achievements and the extremes of the natural world. It all began in Wexford, Ireland, in 1951 with Sir Hugh Beaver the managing director of the Guinness Brewery. The first edition of the book was published in 1955. It is now renowned throughout the world and although Guinness and indirectly Diageo owned the rights to the book, in 2001 Gullane Entertainment purchased it. The book, however still holds the Guinness name. The most recent venture of Guinness is its collaboration with Google Earth and iTunes for the new iPhone application. Using the GPS on the phone, the Guinness Pub Finder app allows you to find a nearby pub serving Guinness. The database is selective to the USA with a database of more than 20,000 bars across the country. This shows us how Guinness is evolving with new and improved methods to accessing it’s a younger and more technologically advanced generation. Positioning Positioning is part of any companies marketing strategy; their objective is to influence consumer’s perception of a brand or product. Guinness’ aim is to occupy a distinct and clear part of consumers’ minds. Guinness successfully positions their brand as one of â€Å"top quality† with a â€Å"unique taste† and one that is synonymous with Ireland. When a consumer thinks of Guinness they automatically, think black and white, and think of Ireland. Its through the brands innovative advertising that the stout has been positioned clearly in the minds of consumers today, which is a hard task to achieve in such a competitive and ever expanding market. Their campaign â€Å"good things come to those who wait†, creates the idea that the 119. seconds it takes to pour the stout, is worth the wait for a drink that is uniquely brewed, with quality taste every time. Marketing Mix Product Guinness is a dark stout made of roasted, malted barley, hops, yeast and water. Its distinct ‘black’ appearance beer is not actually black but rather dark ruby red because of the way the ingredients are prepared. The white head is creamy due to bubbles of nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas as the beer is poured. This is what makes the product so unique, it is important that it is poured and served in a particular way. The two-part pour method means the perfect pint can be prepared in 119. 5 seconds precisely. The complete Guinness product line includes: Guinness Draught; creamy pint, available in keg, bottle and can (typically sold in Europe, the US, Canada and Australia) Guinness Draught Extra Cold available in keg. Other than being served a few degrees cooler, it is the same as Guinness Draught. Guinness Foreign Extra Stout stronger in taste and more bitter than Guinness Draught (it is especially popular in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean They are all brewed with the classic and unique Guinness techniques. However, it uses local ingredients so, in Nigeria for example, Guinness is made using sorghum, which grows better than barley. A stronger Guinness called Foreign Extra Stout is also brewed in Africa and other places. Price Guinness prices are competitive relative to other stouts and beers within the market. Government measures in Ireland control the cost of alcohol in the country, with retailers passing the savings on to consumers. Since 1976, there hasnt been a very big variation in the number of pints that the manufacturing worker could buy with a gross wage. Place Guinness is primarily a product that can only be drunk in bars. Many Irish drinkers associate ‘the black stuff’ with the common pint. Now readily available in cans and bottles, it is more widespread towards off licenses and supermarkets. Over the past years, Guinness has been performing relatively well in foreign markets. In the United States, sales are picking up. Australia and Africa are also giving the brand a good reception. Promotion Guinness’ advertisements and promotional strategy relies on rich Irish heritage. The Irish perception of Guinness however, finds that most people think of Guinness as the most advertised brand and not a rich, Irish brand. The adverts are famous throughout the world; they are universal and appeal to all, far and wide. Guinness has produced amazingly creative and imaginative television adverts and slogans. It is the reason the brand is so famous and well known today. New Strategy and Repositioning of the product Selected Marketing Strategy (Guinness Lite) In order to reach a greater market, Guinness needs to re-position itself as the beer of choice for younger potential consumers. The idea is to tweak the current product to make it more appealing to younger drinkers with a less accustomed pallet. Guinness Lite could be a part of the new product line, this would mean a lighter stout and a lower alcoholic strength. In order to capture a younger generation, one that is attracted primarily to lagers and beers the company should look for ways of engineering their product to suit that market preference. In order to maintain the older market, the company should still retain its older Guinness brand. In other words, there will be two offerings; the classic Guinness brand and the new one. Since the company will be introducing a different brand, they need to change their packaging. Diageo should re-package the new Guinness Lite in a can. The can should have different colours from the old Guinness so that young people can see that they are buying a different product from their parents, while still maintaining the harp and classic Guinness logo, to keep the overall look and feel of the iconic brand. The third and last aspect about Guinness’ positioning will be its Irish heritage. The beer will be tailored for the Young Irish population. In order to attract the younger consumer, Guinness Lite’s pricing should be tailored to suit that category. Since most youth are not yet as financially stable as their older counterparts, it will be necessary to place the product’s price at a consumer-friendly level. They should maintain their prices at that level in order to stay competitive. The most important element of the new marketing strategy, which will also form part of the promotional strategy, is appealing to the younger audience. We know that over 80% of Guinness drinkers fall within the 30-60 age group. A mere 15% of Guinness consumers lie between the 20-29 age bracket. This may be because many youngsters are looking for something that will differentiate them from their parents. Guinness in the eye of younger drinkers is generally considered as a drink that is predominantly popular with older generations. Advertising on a personal level, towards a younger customer base its important. New ad campaigns with young actors and a fresh image will bode well for the new product. Guinness Lite should be a common product in supermarkets and other retail outlets. Taking a shift from the pub going market segment, as we need to make the product easily available to the home drinker. As it has been stated earlier, drinking habits in Ireland have changed and it would therefore be necessary for the company to consider retail chains and supermarkets as their primary distribution channels. In the past Guinness focused on pubs and bars, as their major retail distribution channel but this need not be the case for Guinness Lite. In order to revitalise the Guinness brand, the company should re-position themselves as the brand of choice for young consumers. This needs to capture their needs and preferences. They need to change the product content and its packaging. Pricing, distribution and promotion need to capture this element. However, since the focus is in Ireland, then the company’s promotional strategy should reflect its rich Irish heritage. These two issues are the core concepts that can get Guinness back on track. Conclusion As a whole Guinness is an iconic reputable company, with global recognition. It has endured massive profits over the last decade. It is constantly striving to reach new markets and new potential consumers; Diageo has achieved this through innovative advertising and creative promotional campaigns. We believe the brand will continue to expand and grow. Guinness as a brand and product shows no sing of slowing down in the future. It will continue to be a pioneering brand for years to come.

Policing Functions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policing Functions - Essay Example On the other hand, under the function of taking charge to policing the world, police falls into different classifications: public, specialized and professionals. Sheriff, constable and watch are in-charge of crime control. However, even if one could highly associate these responsibilities with policing, police are not excuse from various controversies. One of them according to Walker and Katz is the political influence and corruption associated with power that police carry among themselves due to their highly diversified functions in the US Law Enforcement Industry. From Industry perspective for instance, police have substantial authority and power to give substantial opportunity for the third party to gain with illegal activities such as gambling, prostitution and drug trafficking. Furthermore, for some ordinary people according to Walker and Katz, police are under in any way of positive or negative stereotyping. Walker and Katz elaborate negative stereotypes for police as being une ducated, untrained, prejudiced, brutal and corrupt. The positive stereotype on the other hand points police officers as heroic saints. Although Walker and Katz also point that police are not entirely different from ordinary citizens, the negative or positive stereotypes at some point must have substantial evidence from actual perspective of the society on policing. On the other hand, another important perspective on policing is that it is unsuccessful. Police agencies are bureaucratic paramilitary organizations that have traditionally responded slowly to change (Jones, 2009). In this matter, Jones believes that administrators fail to understand the complexity of their environment... In this paper, the proponent tries to examine various perspectives of the policing function from local, state and federal organizational levels. By looking at the hierarchy presented in this essay and different classifications of police, one could actually say that policing in the United States is highly decentralized, fragmented and diversified. The researcher focuses on describing differences and similarities of their functions on each level. Policing may have potentially gained positive or negative image for a long period of time. Reforms may be necessary in order to correct major negative feedbacks which at some point may lead to inefficient function of policing. In conclusion, the researcher also tries to address possible future changes in laws and the overall impact that these changes will have on the field of policing, such as the use of technology in policing, that is very important in order to enhance more and fulfill the essential task or function of every police officer. I n this case, the judicial system and emancipation of law must ensure in its reform programs to give substantial opportunity for policing to gain remarkable advantage in exercising the following: crime prevention, policing the world, crime control and law enforcement. All of such changes are to ensure that the execution of policing would substantially meet the prevailing needs of the society. The researcher also hopes that in some way his suggestions could increase successful policing and address the potential correction of negative image of policing.

Business to Business Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business to Business Marketing - Case Study Example From the current organizational structure it can be deduced that SCS is a centralized, line-staff function organization. Keeping this in mind and the growth strategy they choose, it would directly impact their success in the new region. The positive fact us that SCS has a very good word of mouth. However, the question is to maintain the same level of word of mount in the new region, they would have to match the same deliverables that they are in Birmingham. SCS will soon be completing a decade of operating successfully in the UK market. After establishing its brand name in the commercial cleaning market, now they are seeking to expand their operations to other regions. One resource that SCS has underrated till yet has been the sales force. While expansion is the strategy for SCS for the next five years, the need of having a sales force for the implementation of the expansion strategy is of extreme importance. Adequate division of work: SCS management should divide work equally; the burden sharing should be fair. However, simultaneously, the burden sharing has to be intelligently allocated for e.g. ... One resource that SCS has underrated till yet has been the sales force. While expansion is the strategy for SCS for the next five years, the need of having a sales force for the implementation of the expansion strategy is of extreme importance. After establishing the importance of having a sales force, the next step is to organize the sales force. Organization of sales force is carried out by: Organizing the sales force: Applied to SCS Organizing the objectives Achieve sales orders from atleast twenty offices in the nearby regions of Norwich Organizing the individual assignments Each sales person is responsible for arranging five orders a month. Organizing the tasks Each sales representative has to visit two offices a day Appointing a leader All the sales representatives will be reporting to the Sales Manager Effective organization of sales force requires: Adequate division of work: SCS management should divide work equally; the burden sharing should be fair. However, simultaneously, the burden sharing has to be intelligently allocated for e.g. out of a team of four sales people, the two who possess exceptional selling skills should be kept exclusively for this function and career growth options should be made for them. The two who are not so good at sales can also be utilized for other purposes for example if one of them is good at communication, he can help the rest of them with their letters and proposals. Span of management: The smaller the number of bosses the better it is. As the saying goes, "too many cooks spoil the broth" likewise too many bosses eventually lead to an authority proving tirade rather than a work team. It is best if the chain of command has only one boss giving clear-cut instructions. Change

Gratitude the parent of all virtues

Gratitude the parent of all virtues Everyone indeed has experienced receiving gifts, favors or benefits. How does it feel? Certainly, the common emotion that one feels is the feeling of being thankful or grateful. But on the other hand, one might also feel indebted. Thus, through this study, a deeper understanding will be grasp to understand every part of the emotion gratitude: what is gratitude, how is gratitude experienced, the difference between gratitude and indebtness, its impact to the people and limitations. Gratitude is one common emotion to aid (Gallup, 1998). According to Emmons Crumpler, (2000) it is an emotion evident in all cultures and is a virtue encouraged by all of the major religions of the world. The importance of gratitude has been taught by several world religions (Emmons Crumpler, 2000). But it has been largely neglected in the field of psychological science until the 21st century despite the fact that it is believed by many thinkers in various disciplines from Western social theorists Seneca an d Cicero to Adam Smith and David Hume, to modern social scientists Robert Frank and Robert Trivers, that this emotion is essential for building and preserving social relationships (Bartlett DeSteno, 2006 McCullough, Kimeldorf, Cohen, 2008) and has been marked not only the best, but the parent of all other virtues (Cicero, 1851 p.139). Gratitude in theological aspect is defined as the affirmation of a bond between giver and receiver, which is central to the human divine relationship (Emmons Kneezel, 2005). This means that when one experience gratitude, it signifies that a relationship exists between the benefactor and the receiver. In New Webster Dictionary (2002), it is defined as a feeling of appreciation for a kindness or favor received. Psychologists on the other hand typically define gratitude as a positive emotion (Tsang, 2006). Being a positive emotion means that it encourages people to engage in cognitive and behavioral activities that will build resources that will become useful during threatening, and challenging situations (Fredrickson, 1998, 2001). It has also been acknowledged as a moderately pleasant emotion (Mayer et al., 1991) but it is different from plain happiness since gratitude generally goes with the perception that one has benefited from another persons generosity. Although it is generally a ccepted that expressing gratitude brings great happiness (Gallup, 1998). Experiencing Gratitude Gratitude as described by Emmons and Crumpler (2000) is an emotional response to a gift (p. 56), adding that it is an interpersonal emotion that is felt not toward oneself but toward other people. But gratitude does not solely occur after a gift is given, as various researches have shown, the benefactor, the recipient and the gifts affect such experience. In Heiders theory of gratitude, it states that the beneficiary would encounter less gratitude in situations where the benefactor would obliged the beneficiary to be grateful, because the beneficiary prefers to infer their gratitude to be self-motivated, rather than controlled by external sources (Watkins et al., 2006). Hence, if a return favor is expected, a feeling of gratefulness declines. Individuals also experience gratitude when they see a benefit was caused by the efforts of others (Weiner, Russell, Lerman, 1979; Zaieski, 1988), a nd also when they are able to recognize appropriately the effort of others as the cause of another persons gratitude (Weiner et al., 1979). On the other hand, providing intentionally valued benefits, as perceived by the recipients, create greater feelings of gratitude (Tsang, 2007). Similar to it, Emmons and McCullough, (2003) stressed on the personal benefit received by the individual that was not deserved or earned, but because of the good intentions of another. These benefits whether intentionally provided, costly to the benefactor, and or valuable to the recipient helped increase the amount of gratitude one may experience (Tesser, Gatewood, Driver, 1968). Benefits that are seen to be costly to the benefactor bring forth a larger sense of gratefulness, as long as the benefactor does not have a need for personal benefit on the first place (Okamoto Robinson, 1997). Likewise, people are also seen to expect feeling more grateful to friends, associates or acquaintances, and stranger s who benefit them than to genetic relatives (e.g. siblings parents) who provided the same benefit (Bar-Tal, Bar-Zohar, Creenberg, Hermon, 1977). Gratitude versus Indebtness In the beginning of this review, it is stated that obtaining benefits does not always result to gratefulness. Sometimes individuals react negatively, for instance compelled to repay. In the earlier writings of Greenberg, he treated gratitude and indebtness as synonymous (Greenberg, 1980). As such, people often use interchangeably the phrases Im grateful to you (gratitude-related) and I owe you one (obligation- related). However, these two constructs are different and have distinct psychological effects (McCullough, Kimeldorf, Cohen, 2008). Greenberg (1980) defined indebtness as a state of obligation to repay another and is an emotional state of arousal and discomfort (p.4). A study of Watkins, Sheer, Ovnicek, and Kolts (2006) discovered that when benefactors assist them with an obvious expectation of a return favor, individuals felt indebted and obligated, but not grateful. This implies that the greater the recipients gratitude for a benefit, the greater it is for the individual to aid, praise, and be near to their benefactor. On the contrary, the greater the recipients indebtness, the greater it will generate distress and desire to shun away from the benefactor, thus, an important distinction between the two is that indebtness is an emotion of exchange, whereas gratitude is not (Watkins et al., 2006). Furthermore, indebtness is accompanied by negative emotions, whereas gratitude is a positively valenced emotion (Lazarus Lazarus, 1994; Mayer et al., 1991). This is supported by another research study of Watkins et al., (2006) where participants were asked how they would respond to the favors received after reading a scenario on gratitude. They found out that gratitude was strongly associated with gladness while indebtness was significantly correlated with guilt. Another, indebtness has been found to be coupled with self-reported avoidance motivations, where gratitude is associated with prosocial motivations (Gray et al., 2001). This premise will be further elaborated under the impact of gratitude to the people. Also, from Fredricksons broaden and build theory of positive emotions to gratitude, gratitude should have broad and creative thought or action tendencies similar to positive emotions, whereas indebtness should be associated with a more narrowed mentality of reciprocity (Fredrickson, 2004), a moral code stating that (1) people should help those who have helped them, and (2) people should not injure those who have helped them (Gouldner, 1960, p. 171). Taken together, it confirms that gratitude and indebtness are truly two different concepts. Impact of Gratitude Being able to distinguish the difference between gratitude and indebtness, it is good to consider the importance of gratitude to human beings. How it can affect the lives and behaviors of the individuals, both the receiver and the addressee. In field experiments, it revealed that expressions of gratitude can reinforce kidney donation (Bernstein Sim mons, 1974), and volunteering behavior toward people with HIV/AIDS (Bennett, Ross, Sunderland, 1996). By these findings, it indicates that gratitude can create, nurture, and sustain positive social relationships. In another experimental work, Watkins, Grimm, Kolts (2004) conducted a memory recall of grateful persons, and found out that gratitude was positively correlated with a positive autobiographical memory bias. Specifically, grateful individuals tend to recall more positive memories when told to do so and moreover, tend to have more positive memories come to mind even when they are attempting to remember negative events. In addition, Emmons and McCullough (2003) found that first, individuals who were tasked to remember the things they were grateful for, provide a wide variety of emotional benefits such as contentment in life and optimism. Second, these recollections of events assist one in coping with stressful events. By these findings, the tendency to recall positive happen ings would likely enhance ones judgment of their satisfaction with life (Schwartz Clore, 1983; Strack, Shwartz, Gschneidinger, 1985), and promote subjective well-being (Watkins, in press). This is also supported by a three experimental, longitudinal studies that showed that when participants are manipulated into focusing on the good side of their lives for how many weeks, there are considerable improvements on happiness, depression, and even physical health (Emmons McCullough, 2003; Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, Schkade, 2005; Seligman, Steen, Park, Peterson, 2005). Hence, the emotion gratitude improves the current psychological as well as the physical well-being of an individual. As a whole, these studies showed proof to the notion that gratitude helps one to reframe negative emotional memories by decreasing ones aversive impact on them (Watkins, Grimm, Kolts, 2004). Aside from the findings that gratitude enables one to remember positive events in ones life and enhances the individua ls psychological and physical condition, it as well facilitates the persons coping strategies. Wood, Joseph, and Linley (2007) made a study on whether gratitude was linked with distinct coping styles. They discovered that grateful people were more likely to search for emotional and instrumental social support as their means of coping. In addition, grateful people generally used more positive coping strategies that are largely characterized by approaching the problems rather than avoiding them such as self-blame, denial, and substance abuse. For these results, generally gratitude is related to positive coping strategies involving facing the problems instead of withdrawal tendencies. Furthermore, recent research has shown that individuals who habitually experience gratitude engage more frequently in prosocial behavior than do individuals who experience gratitude less often (McCullough, Emmons, Tsang, 2002). According to McCullough et al, (2001) gratitude possesses three psychological features that are significant in processing and responding to prosocial behavior. First, gratitude as a benefit detector. It alerts or signals that one has benefited from anothers benevolent actions. Tsang (2006a) discovered that participants felt more grateful toward benefactors who lend them a hand out of kindness rather than self-serving motives. Second, gratitude acts as a motivator of prosocial behavior. It motivates an individual to behave in a benevolent and prosocial way after receiving benefits. Modern research has confirmed this from Bartlett and DeSteno (2006) when they found that grateful participants tend to exert more effort in helping their benefactor on an unrelated task (e.g. answering a cognitively boring survey) compared to the nongrateful participants. Furthermore, a study done by Tsang (2006b) compared the likelihood of gratefulness to benefits given intentionally and by chance alone. It was found that not only people felt more grateful when they received the benefits that were intentionally given by their partner, but were also more likely to act openhandedly for their partner in response, than those people who received the benefits by chance. Gratitude may motivate prosocial behavior by influencing the psychological states that support generosity and cooperation. In simpler terms, gratitude leads an individual to give other people a credit for their accomplishments (McCullough, Kimeldorf, Cohen, 2008). Third, gratitude plays the role of a moral reinforcer. Expressing gratitude to a benefactor such as saying thanks functions as a social reward (Polak, Michael, McCullough, 2006) and therefore increase the probability that benefactors will act prosocially once more in the future (McCullough et al., 2001), just as showing ingratitude can instill anger and resentment in benefactors and inhibit future acts of kindness (Buno McCullough, 2006). McCullough and colleagues (2001) concluded that benefactors who were given appreciation or being thanked were willing to perform more and work harder than were the benefactors who were not thanked, when future opportunities take place. In other words, expressing gratitude acknowledges the benefactors benevolent act and thus, may encourage the benefactor to do similar deed when future events come. Limitations Research on gratitude has been recently growing (Emmons, 2004). Many of these studies make use of recall methodology or self-report measures, and gratitude scenarios. Utilizing such methods has some drawbacks. Taking first into account the recall methodology, there is a likelihood that participants would possibly have altered or reconstructed their memories and thus, elicit either a genuine or fake gratitude. Other limitation also is that of a positive memory bias. Asking participants to recollect both positive and negative events in their life does not necessarily show that the participants would exhibit a similar bias if not asked to do so (Watkins, Grimm, Kolts, 2004). In other words, do grateful people more likely to count their blessings even if not told to do so? And does the experience of gratitude plays a role in remembering positive happenings or does recalling of positive happenings elicit gratefulness? Further limitation also is utilizing gratitude scenarios. Gratitude scenarios do not essentially stimulate grateful emotions. Moreover, participants may respond basing on their personal theories in gratitude (Weinar et al., 1979) than stating their authentic grateful emotions. In simpler terms, scenario method addresses on the cognition of the individuals rather than on the affective state. Overall, these methods have potentially low psychological realism and tend to elicit low cost responses (Hegtvedt, 1990). Additionally, the genders of the participants have an effect on the studies too. In a study of Kashdan et al, (2009) on gender differences in gratitude, they assessed whether men comprehend and respond to gratitude differently than women. They found out that men view gratitude as more challenging, anxiety provoking, and burdensome; and women possess greater willingness to openly express emotions and view this as an effective regulatory act. Therefore, as much as possible future research on gratitude must have an equal number of male and female respondents. Finally, most experiments population is culturally limited. The results obtained on gratitude may perhaps not extend to the people from different cultures. Conclusion As noted by Seligman (1998)Sadly, while plumbing the depths of what is worst in life, psychology has lost its connection to the positive side of life- the knowledge about what makes human life most worth living, most fulfilling, most enjoyable, and most productive (p.4). Therefore, positive emotional states deserve attention because positive states are perceived as essential for a fulfilled life. Thus, psychological research on gratitude has evoked that gratitude holds one of the main correlations with well-being, of almost any personality characteristic (Park, Peterson, Seligman, 2004). Moreover, research exploring on the parent of all virtues has progressively revealed the power of gratitude in drawing out positive results to individuals and benefactors. Finally, taking the words from Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1967): In ordinary life, we hardly realize that we receive a great deal more than we give, and that it is only with gratitude that life becomes rich. Hence, gratitude is indisputably the parent of all virtues.